How does regeneration occur in starfish

This marine animal has a remarkable ability to mend its organs in short periods of time, regrowing damaged parts and healing deep wounds in as little as a week.

This is a vital skill for the sea cucumber, however, as in order to defend itself from crabs or turtles, the creature often jettisons certain organs as a distraction technique. Five animals that can regenerate. Lost tails and broken hearts can be fixed — and one creature can even eat without a mouth. The barred tiger salamander Ambystoma mavortium. Salamanders can regrow their tails to full length. Follow us on Instagram at natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo. Share Tweet Email. Go Further.

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Dev Biol. Evolution of the chordate regeneration blastema: differential gene expression and conserved role of notch signaling during siphon regeneration in the ascidian Ciona. Jeffery WR. Closing the wounds: one hundred and twenty five years of regenerative biology in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Head regeneration in hemichordates is not a strict recapitulation of development.

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Download references. The authors thank Thomas Holstein for sharing the hydra transcriptome assembly; Sara J Cary Illustrations and Photography for providing illustrations of bipinnaria, planaria, and hydra; Katherine Buckley, Minyan Zheng, and William Hatleberg for helpful feedback during the preparation of the manuscript. Planarian transcriptome data have been published [ 4 ]. Hydra transcriptome data have been published [ 5 ] and transcriptome sequences are available from Thomas Holstein, upon request.

Gregory A. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. VH and GC conceived of and designed the experiments. VH was instrumental in the preparation of the manuscript and interpretation of the results.

All authors read and approved of the final manuscript. Correspondence to Veronica F. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Figure S1. Anterior fragment regeneration. Figure S2. Data used to make length ratio measurement. Figure S3. TUNEL signals are unchanged at 3 hpb and do not localize through 6 dpb.

Figure S4. Sea star cluster consolidation. Figure S5. Figure S6. Gene ontology enrichments. Figure S7. Comparison of P. Figure S8. Figure S9. Additional genes that are upregulated early and localized to the wound site. Figure S Recovery of anterior-posterior axis specification genes. Whole mount in situ hybridization showing larval and embryonic expression of genes associated with proliferation. PDF kb. Table S1. RNA-Seq results. Table summarizing results of P. In addition, for each gene, if an ortholog was identified by reciprocal best blast in S.

CSV kb. Table S2. Nanostring nCounter results. The observed fold change in expression from anterior and posterior fragments relative to controls at 0, 3, and 6 dpb are shown e.

Finally the sequence of each probe is indicated along with the Nanostring probe accession. CSV 23 kb. Reprints and Permissions. Cary, G. Analysis of sea star larval regeneration reveals conserved processes of whole-body regeneration across the metazoa.

BMC Biol 17, 16 Download citation. Received : 12 November Accepted : 04 February Published : 22 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

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Download PDF. Research article Open Access Published: 22 February Analysis of sea star larval regeneration reveals conserved processes of whole-body regeneration across the metazoa Gregory A. Abstract Background Metazoan lineages exhibit a wide range of regenerative capabilities that vary among developmental stage and tissue type. Results We characterize regeneration in the larval stage of the Bat Star Patiria miniata. Conclusions These analyses show that sea star larval regeneration includes phases of wound response, axis respecification, and wound-proximal proliferation.

Background The evolution of regenerative abilities has fascinated researchers for centuries. Full size image. Results and discussion Bipinnaria regeneration involves wound healing, body re-proportioning, cell proliferation and cell death To make an informed comparison to other regenerative models, we first characterized the stages of larval regeneration in P.

Conclusion While the capacity for larval sea stars to undergo WBR has been appreciated for over two decades, there has not yet been a systematic characterization of the cellular and molecular processes involved. Methods Animals and regeneration paradigm Adult Patiria miniata were obtained from the southern coast of California, USA Pete Halmay or Marinus Scientific and were used to initiate embryo cultures as previously described [ 78 ].

Whole-mount staining and staining larval sections procedures P. RNA-Seq, read mapping, and transcriptome assembly For transcriptome measurements, larvae were grown and bisected as described in the results. Gene Ontology term annotation and ortholog identification The newly assembled sea star genes were annotated in three ways: by identifying the reciprocal best BLAST hit rBBH between the sea star transcript and either sea urchin or mouse genes and using Blast2GO.

Nanostring nCounter assay analysis A custom Nanostring nCounter codeset was designed, available upon request, consisting of total probes—8 negative control, 6 postitive control, 11 housekeeping control, and 89 gene-of-interest probes. References 1. PubMed Google Scholar 2. Google Scholar 3. PubMed Google Scholar 4. PubMed Google Scholar 7. Google Scholar PubMed Google Scholar CAS Google Scholar Acknowledgements The authors thank Thomas Holstein for sharing the hydra transcriptome assembly; Sara J Cary Illustrations and Photography for providing illustrations of bipinnaria, planaria, and hydra; Katherine Buckley, Minyan Zheng, and William Hatleberg for helpful feedback during the preparation of the manuscript.

Hinman Authors Gregory A. Cary View author publications. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional files. Additional file 1: Figure S1. Additional file 2: Table S1. Additional file 3: Table S2. About this article.