Why lobotomy is banned

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Very quickly done," says Dr Gould. As well as operating at Atkinson Morley, McKissock would travel across the south of England at weekends, performing extra leucotomies at smaller hospitals. He says the operation could have dramatic benefits for some patients, including one who was terrified of fire. However, he had increasing doubts about lobotomy, especially for patients with schizophrenia. He found that around a third benefited, a third were unaffected and a third were worse off afterwards.

Although he himself had authorised lobotomies, he later turned against the practice. In , Egas Moniz won the Nobel Prize for inventing lobotomy, and the operation peaked in popularity around the same time. But from the mids, it rapidly fell out of favour, partly because of poor results and partly because of the introduction of the first wave of effective psychiatric drugs.

Decades later, when working as a psychiatric nurse in a long-stay institution, Henry Marsh used to see former lobotomy patients. Mr Marsh, who is now one of Britain's most eminent neurosurgeons, says the operation was simply bad science. Freeman left built on Moniz's discovery. That the lobotomy succeeded in altering a person's personality and behavior is beyond dispute, but the results were often drastic, and occasionally fatal. The notion that a mental patient's behavior could be modified for the good by psychosurgery had its roots in the work of Gottlieb Burckhardt, a 19th-century Swiss neurologist who performed a number of crude surgical lobotomies and declared the procedure generally successful.

His documentation was almost nonexistent, however, and the view was never universally held in the medical fraternity. Although Moniz would share the Nobel Prize in medicine for his pioneering work in psychosurgery, the lobotomy had not only fallen out of favor by the s but was being excoriated as a barbaric practice.

The Soviet Union banned the surgery in , arguing that it was "contrary to the principles of humanity.